Catherine the Great was one of the most powerful monarchs in 18th century Europe. However, the Moscow Foundling Home was unsuccessful, mainly due to extremely high mortality rates, which prevented many of the children from living long enough to develop into the enlightened subjects the state desired. [86] Catherine expressed some frustration with the economists she read for what she regarded as their impractical theories, writing in the margin of one of Necker's books that if it was possible to solve all of the state's economic problems in one day, she would have done so a long time ago. The official cause, after an autopsy, was a severe attack of haemorrhoidal colic and an apoplexy stroke.[29]. [104], From 1768 to 1774, no progress was made in setting up a national school system. [146] Finally, Catherine's lack of shame about expressing her sexuality together with her incongruous position as a female leader in the male-dominated society of Europe made her the object of much malicious gossip, and the story of her supposed death while attempting sex with a stallion was meant to show how "unnatural" her rule as empress of Russia was. Many Orthodox peasants felt threatened by the sudden change, and burned mosques as a sign of their displeasure. She called together at Moscow a Grand Commission—almost a consultative parliament—composed of 652 members of all classes (officials, nobles, burghers, and peasants) and of various nationalities. She had the government collect and publish vital statistics. ... Emperor Peter III in 1762 brought fresh Rurikid blood to the Romanovs: he and his wife Catherine the Great both descended from the Rurik dynasty. The diplomatic intrigue failed, largely due to the intervention o… In 1780, Emperor Joseph II, the son of Holy Roman Empress Maria Theresa, toyed with the idea of determining whether or not to enter an alliance with Russia, and asked to meet Catherine. He sought 20,000 Russian troops to help Britain quash the colonial rebellions in America. In the same year, Catherine issued the Charter of the Towns, which distributed all people into six groups as a way to limit the power of nobles and create a middle estate. Catherine was married to Peter III – who she detested. She lost the large territories of the Russian protectorate of the Commonwealth of Poland and Lithuania and left its territories to Prussia and Austria. [133]:119 Catherine bought the support of the bureaucracy. She came to power as a result of a daring coup that, amazingly, succeeded without bloodshed. [81] She wrote comedies, fiction, and memoirs. Later uprisings in Poland led to the third partition in 1795. In the interests of Russian shipping in the Atlantic however, she made some efforts to resolve the conflict in 1780.eval(ez_write_tag([[250,250],'historyhit_com-large-mobile-banner-2','ezslot_16',145,'0','0']));eval(ez_write_tag([[250,250],'historyhit_com-large-mobile-banner-2','ezslot_17',145,'0','1'])); History Hit brings you the stories that shaped the world through our award winning podcast network and an online history channel. Catherine decided to have herself inoculated against smallpox by Thomas Dimsdale, a British doctor. For more than 20 years during the so-called Time of Troubles, the country had suffered a devastating series of invasions, famines and revolts while a string of would-be leaders tried to fill the void left by the Rurik dynasty’s extinction. [55], In 1768, the Assignation Bank was given the task of issuing the first government paper money. Catherine the Great is famed for her long and prosperous reign over the Russian Empire. Her father, Christian August, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst, belonged to the ruling German family of Anhalt. Historically, when the serfs faced problems they could not solve on their own (such as abusive masters), they often appealed to the autocrat, and continued doing so during Catherine's reign, but she signed legislation prohibiting it. With impressive independence and unbending self-assertion, Catherine led Enlightenment thought, instructed military leaders and held the balance of power. Several bank branches were afterwards established in other towns, called government towns. Catherine appointed 132 men to the Senate. It opened in Saint Petersburg and Moscow in 1769. Yekaterina Alexeyevna (Russian: Екатерина Алексеевна) or Catherine II, also known as Catherine the Great (Екатерина II Великая, Yekaterina II Velikaya; 2 May [O.S. He represented an opposite to Peter's pro-Prussian sentiment, with which Catherine disagreed. The commission had to consider the needs of the Russian Empire and the means of satisfying them. "[7] Although Sophie was born a princess, her family had very little money. [114], In 1785, Catherine approved the subsidising of new mosques and new town settlements for Muslims. of Kiev ≈978–1019–1054: Boris Prince of Rostov 986-1010–1015: Gleb Prince of Murom 987-1013–1015: Sudislav Prince of Pskov?-1014–1036-1063: Maria Dobroniega aft.1012– While the state did not technically allow them to own possessions, some serfs were able to accumulate enough wealth to pay for their freedom. [75] Their discontent led to widespread outbreaks of violence and rioting during Pugachev's Rebellion of 1774. [citation needed]. At the time of Peter III's overthrow, other potential rivals for the throne included Ivan VI (1740–1764), who had been confined at Schlüsselburg in Lake Ladoga from the age of six months, and was thought to be insane. Catherine chose to assimilate Islam into the state rather than eliminate it when public outcry became too disruptive. In 1772, Catherine wrote to Potemkin. ", James A. Duran, "The Reform of Financial Administration in Russia during the Reign of Catherine II.". [2] The Manifesto on Freedom of the Nobility, issued during the short reign of Peter III and confirmed by Catherine, freed Russian nobles from compulsory military or state service. Yelizaveta Alekseyevna Tarakanova (1753–1775) was another potential rival. The crown contains 75 pearls and 4,936 Indian diamonds forming laurel and oak leaves, the symbols of power and strength, and is surmounted by a 398.62-carat ruby spinel that previously belonged to the Empress Elizabeth, and a diamond cross. This was one of the chief reasons behind rebellions, including the large-scale Pugachev Rebellion of Cossacks, nomads, peoples of Volga and peasants. Under her leadership, she completed what Peter III had started: The church's lands were expropriated, and the budget of both monasteries and bishoprics were controlled by the College of Economy. of Kiev ≈979-1015–1019: Izyaslav Prince of Polotsk 978-989-1001: Mstislav Prince of Chernigov ≈?-1024–1035: Yaroslav I the Wise G.P. Read the first part of Catherine the Great’s history here #1 Catherine, patron of the arts . Catherine reformed the administration of Russian guberniyas (governorates), and many new cities and towns were founded on her orders. Pre-eminent figures in Catherinian Russia include: Marriage, reign of Peter III, and coup d'état, Partitions of Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, Old Style Date: 21 April 1729 – 6 November 1796, "Despot" is not derogatory in this context. Catherine did turn Russia into a global great power not only a European one but with quite a different reputation from what she initially had planned as an honest policy. Russian: Екатерина Алексеевна Романова, romanized: Yekaterina Alekseyevna Romanova. 5 April] 1684 – 17 May [O.S. Food we can all bring to our own tables, vibrant and varied yet always relaxed. An admirer of Peter the Great, Catherine continued to modernize Russia along Western European lines. In 1786, she assimilated the Islamic schools into the Russian public school system under government regulation. [91][92], Catherine also received Elisabeth Vigée Le Brun at her Tsarskoye Selo residence in St Petersburg, by whom she was painted shortly before her death. During this duel between noble girls, both exchanged sword-to-sword blows only, as they both had a fear of it leading to bloodletting. [87] For philosophy, she liked books promoting what has been called "enlightened despotism", which she embraced as her ideal of an autocratic but reformist government that operated according to the rule of law, not the whims of the ruler, hence her interest in Blackstone's legal commentaries. Sette, Alessandro. She once wrote to her correspondent Baron Grimm: "I see nothing of interest in it. Turning Retreat into Victory: How Did the Allies Win the Western Front in 1918? Nigella’s Cook, Eat, Repeat Nigella shares the rhythms and rituals of her kitchen and reveals the inspiration behind many of her recipes. [citation needed]. He pulled out of the Seven Years’ War and made big concessions, enraging Russian military leaders. Sofia Federica Augusta von Anhalt-Zerbst, better … Reddaway, W.F. Two wings were devoted to her collections of "curiosities". [15] Catherine disparaged her husband as devoted to reading "Lutheran prayer-books, the other the history of and trial of some highway robbers who had been hanged or broken on the wheel". Jeux vidéo. She is charmed by a new man at court, Grigory Potemkin. When it became apparent that his plan could not succeed, Panin fell out of favour and Catherine had him replaced with Ivan Osterman (in office 1781–1797). [142] Sometime after 9:00 she was found on the floor with her face purplish, her pulse weak, her breathing shallow and laboured. Running and games were forbidden, and the building was kept particularly cold because too much warmth was believed to be harmful to the developing body, as was excessive play. Money was needed for wars and necessitated the junking the old financial institutions. [98] In 1764, she sent for Dumaresq to come to Russia and then appointed him to the educational commission. They submitted recommendations for the establishment of a general system of education for all Russian orthodox subjects from the age of 5 to 18, excluding serfs. [72] However, they were already suspicious of Catherine upon her accession because she had annulled an act by Peter III that essentially freed the serfs belonging to the Orthodox Church. 873) was the founder of the first Russian state and of the dynasty that ruled in Russia until the death of Feodor I in 1598. In 1777, the empress described to Voltaire her legal innovations within a backward Russia as progressing "little by little". [95] She believed a 'new kind of person' could be created by inculcating Russian children with European education. [66] Some serfs did apply for freedom and were successful. The ultimate goal for the Russian government, however, was to topple the anti-Russian shah (king), and to replace him with a half-brother, Morteza Qoli Khan, who had defected to Russia and was therefore pro-Russian. This war was another catastrophe for the Ottomans, ending with the Treaty of Jassy (1792), which legitimised the Russian claim to the Crimea and granted the Yedisan region to Russia. The commission studied the reform projects previously installed by I.I. [149][150] According to Élisabeth Vigée Le Brun: "The empress's body lay in state for six weeks in a large and magnificently decorated room in the castle, which was kept lit day and night. [136] The last of her lovers, Prince Zubov, was 40 years her junior. Most came from three large extended families. A further 2.8 million belonged to the Russian state.[62]. Gustav Adolph felt pressured to accept that Alexandra would not convert to Lutheranism, and though he was delighted by the young lady, he refused to appear at the ball and left for Stockholm. The endowments were often much less than the original intended amount. [8][9] The more than 300 sovereign entities of the Holy Roman Empire, many of them quite small and powerless, made for a highly competitive political system as the various princely families fought for advantage over each other, often via political marriages. B. Catherine the Great's Foreign Policy Reconsidered. [53], Catherine imposed a comprehensive system of state regulation of merchants' activities. [56], Catherine paid a great deal of attention to financial reform, and relied heavily on the advice of hard-working Prince A. The peasants were discontented because of many other factors as well, including crop failure, and epidemics, especially a major epidemic in 1771. She enthusiastically supported the ideals of the Enlightenment and is often included in the ranks of the enlightened despots. She made use of the social theory ideas of German cameralism and French physiocracy, as well as Russian precedents and experiments such as foundling homes. P. 169-187. And then stole his throne. Olga Constantinovna of Russia, great-great-granddaughter of Catherine, was the maternal great-great-grandmother of King Felipe VI. Russian economic development was well below the standards in western Europe. Catherine the Great. They indeed helped modernise the sector that totally dominated the Russian economy. The Ottomans restarted hostilities in the Russo-Turkish War of 1787–92. She soon became popular with several powerful political groups which opposed her husband. No. [54] She had more success when she strongly encouraged the migration of the Volga Germans, farmers from Germany who settled mostly in the Volga River Valley region. [85] She especially liked the work of German comic writers such as Moritz August von Thümmel and Christoph Friedrich Nicolai. The government of Catherine the Great?? Subsequently, in 1792, the Russian government dispatched a trade mission to Japan, led by Adam Laxman. Oct 6, 2012 - The House of Romanov was the second dynasty, after the House of Rurik, to rule over Russia, and reigned from 1613 until the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II on March 15, 1917. [130] By separating the public interests from those of the church, Catherine began a secularisation of the day-to-day workings of Russia. the Great G.P. Olga Constantinovna of Russia, great-great-granddaughter of Catherine, was the paternal grandmother of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh and his descendants which include Prince Charles, Prince of Wales; his son, Prince William, Duke of Cambridge; and William's son, Prince George of Cambridge; the three direct heirs to the throne of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Canada, Australia and New Zealand. The imperial couple moved into the new Winter Palace in Saint Petersburg. "Documents of Catherine the Great. [103] The girls who attended the Smolny Institute, Smolyanki, were often accused of being ignorant of anything that went on in the world outside the walls of the Smolny buildings, within which they acquired a proficiency in French, music, and dancing, along with a complete awe of the monarch. obruk. [147] Catherine was meant to have been a pawn in the European power game who was to be married off to some prince and provide the proverbial "heir and a spare" to continue the dynasty, and in rejecting this role for herself by ruling as empress in her own right provoked a powerful reaction against herself. She appointed General Aleksandr Bibikov to put down the uprising, but she needed Potemkin's advice on military strategy. Thanks for the help. What Is Social Darwinism and How Was It Used in Nazi Germany? The British ambassador James Harris, 1st Earl of Malmesbury reported back to London: Sir Charles Hanbury Williams, the British ambassador to Russia, offered Stanisław Poniatowski a place in the embassy in return for gaining Catherine as an ally. [112], Catherine took many different approaches to Islam during her reign. Catherine was famously loyal to her lovers, both during their relationship and after it ended. After this over the years Catherine carried on sexual liaisons with many men, including Stanisław August Poniatowski, Grigory Grigoryevich Orlov (1734–1783), Alexander Vasilchikov, Grigory Potemkin, and others. This second lost pregnancy was also attributed to Saltykov; Born at the Winter Palace, officially he was a son of Peter III but in her memoirs, Catherine implies very strongly that Saltykov was the biological father of the child. The palace of the Crimean Khanate passed into the hands of the Russians. The story claimed that her maids believed that Catherine spent too much unsupervised time with her favourite horse, Dudley. Evidence suggests this was a result of economic problems, and correlations have been drawn between threats of pretenders and the economic standing of serfs and peasants, and increases in taxation. After the rebels, their French and European volunteers and their allied Ottoman Empire had been defeated , she established in the Rzeczpospolita, a system of government fully controlled by the Russian Empire through a Permanent Council, under the supervision of her ambassadors and envoys. After throwing her husband off the throne, and having his successor jailed, and eventually murdered, Catherine will stop at nothing to keep her position. [105] However, Catherine continued to investigate the pedagogical principles and practice of other countries and made many other educational reforms, including an overhaul of the Cadet Corps in 1766. This reform never progressed beyond the planning stages. She recruited the scientists Leonhard Euler and Peter Simon Pallas from Berlin and Anders Johan Lexell from Sweden to the Russian capital. Madame Vigée Le Brun vividly describes the empress in her memoirs:[93], Madame Vigée Le Brun also describes the empress at a gala:[94], Catherine held western European philosophies and culture close to her heart, and she wanted to surround herself with like-minded people within Russia. [102], Not long after the Moscow Foundling Home, at the instigation of her factotum, Ivan Betskoy, she wrote a manual for the education of young children, drawing from the ideas of John Locke, and founded the famous Smolny Institute in 1764, first of its kind in Russia. [82][83], Catherine enlisted Voltaire to her cause, and corresponded with him for 15 years, from her accession to his death in 1778. Catherine first met her husband-to-be … [142] The court physician diagnosed a stroke[142][143] and despite attempts to revive her she fell into a coma. In 1649, Russian serfdom?? Despite his objection, however, on 28 June 1744, the Russian Orthodox Church received Princess Sophie as a member with the new name Catherine (Yekaterina or Ekaterina) and the (artificial) patronymic Алексеевна (Alekseyevna, daughter of Aleksey) i. e. with the same name as Catherine I, the mother of Elizabeth and the grandmother of Peter III. Her first son Paul later emperor … Catherine began issuing codes to address some of the modernisation trends suggested in her Nakaz. The treaty also removed restrictions on Russian naval or commercial traffic in the Azov Sea, granted to Russia the position of protector of Orthodox Christians in the Ottoman Empire, and made the Crimea a protectorate of Russia. [40][41], It was widely expected that a 13,000-strong Russian corps would be led by the seasoned general, Ivan Gudovich, but the empress followed the advice of her lover, Prince Zubov, and entrusted the command to his youthful brother, Count Valerian Zubov. [10] For the smaller German princely families, an advantageous marriage was one of the best means of advancing their interests, and the young Sophie was groomed throughout her childhood to be the wife of some powerful ruler in order to improve the position of the reigning house of Anhalt. Her hunger for fame centred on her daughter's prospects of becoming empress of Russia, but she infuriated Empress Elizabeth, who eventually banned her from the country for spying for King Frederick II of Prussia. After the "Toleration of All Faiths" Edict of 1773, Muslims were permitted to build mosques and practise all of their traditions, the most obvious of these being the pilgrimage to Mecca, which previously had been denied. Assisted by highly successful generals such as Alexander Suvorov and Pyotr Rumyantsev, and admirals such as Samuel Greig and Fyodor Ushakov, she governed at a time when the Russian Empire was expanding rapidly by conquest and diplomacy. S1, Ep1. The object was to strengthen the friendship between Prussia and Russia, to weaken the influence of Austria and to ruin the chancellor Aleksey Petrovich Bestuzhev-Ryumin, on whom Russian Empress Elizabethrelied, and who was a known partisan of the Austrian alliance. Scandinavians], to the Rus' … The Chud, the Slovenes, the Krivichi and the Ves said "Our land is vast and abundant, but there is no order in it. [108], Despite these efforts, later historians of the 19th century were generally critical. Catherine the Great or Екатерина Алексеевна was the longest reigning female ruler of Russia in history. The object was to strengthen the friendship between Prussia and Russia, to weaken the influence of Austria and to ruin the chancellor Aleksey Petrovich Bestuzhev-Ryumin, on whom Russian Empress Elizabeth relied, and who was a known partisan of the Austrian alliance. By the end of her reign, 50 provinces and nearly 500 districts were created, government officials numbering more than double this were appointed, and spending on local government increased sixfold. But because of conversion of her second cousin Peter III to Orthodox Christianity, two of her first cousins became Kings of Sweden: Gustav III and Charles XIII. Cooking . The rebellion ultimately failed and in fact backfired as Catherine was pushed away from the idea of serf liberation following the violent uprising. Russia got territories east of the line connecting, more or less, Riga–Polotsk–Mogilev. Apart from providing governing experience, the marriage was unsuccessful - it was not consummated for twelve years due to Peter III's impotence and mental immaturity. She had her husband arrested, and forced him to sign a document of abdication, leaving no one to dispute her accession to the throne. Nigella. These reforms in the Cadet Corps influenced the curricula of the Naval Cadet Corps and the Engineering and Artillery Schools. Catherine shared in the general European craze for all things Chinese, and made a point of collecting Chinese art and buying porcelain in the popular Chinoiserie style. [57], The Russian Senate was the major coordinating agency of domestic administration. Early in her life, she began correspondence with the Enlightenment thinker, Voltaire, who was fascinated by Russia – Voltaire had written a biography of Peter the Great. In addition, they received land to till, but were taxed a certain percentage of their crops to give to their landowners. Catherine gave away 66,000 serfs from 1762 to 1772, 202,000 from 1773 to 1793, and 100,000 in one day: 18 August 1795. Being Catherine the Great’s lover came with huge rewards. They refused to comply, and in 1764, she deported over 20,000 Old Believers to Siberia on the grounds of their faith. [141], On 16 November [O.S. Catherine's decree also denied Jews the rights of an Orthodox or naturalised citizen of Russia. [5] In accordance with the custom then prevailing in the ruling dynasties of Germany, she received her education chiefly from a French governess and from tutors. Possibly the offspring of Catherine and Stanisław Poniatowski, Anna was born at the Winter Palace between 10 and 11 o'clock; Born at the Winter Palace, he was brought up at, Born many years after the death of Catherine's husband, brought up in the, Queen Catherine appears as a character in, The Empress is parodied in Offenbach's operetta, Lubitsch remade his 1924 silent film as the sound film, The British/Canadian/American TV miniseries, Her rise to power and subsequent reign are portrayed in the award-winning, Catherine (portrayed by Meghan Tonjes) is featured in the web series. After the decisive defeat of the Russian fleet at the Battle of Svensksund in 1790, the parties signed the Treaty of Värälä (14 August 1790), returning all conquered territories to their respective owners and confirming the Treaty of Åbo. The bridegroom, known as Peter von Holstein-Gottorp, had become Duke of Holstein-Gottorp (located in the north-west of present-day[update] Germany near the border with Denmark) in 1739. [77] With all this discontent in mind, Catherine did rule for 10 years before the anger of the serfs boiled over into a rebellion as extensive as Pugachev's. Over the course of her reign, 200,000 square miles of new territory was added to the Russian empire. In the west, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, ruled by Catherine's former lover, King Stanisław August Poniatowski, was eventually partitioned, with the Russian Empire gaining the largest share. Far away from the capital, they were confused as to the circumstances of her accession to the throne.[74]. [70] This happened more often during Catherine's reign because of the new schools she established. Peter also still played with toy soldiers. The leading economists of her day, such as Arthur Young and Jacques Necker, became foreign members of the Free Economic Society, established on her suggestion in Saint Petersburg in 1765. [124] Endowments from the government replaced income from privately held lands. 1782, Catherine was stretched on a ceremonial bed surrounded by the nickname Fike and big. She suppressed religious dissent after the Russo-Turkish War of 1787–92 attack mainland Iran, Alan W. Fisher ``. In other towns, called government towns American Presidents and politicians are the distance descendants of the Finnic catherine the great rurik. Completed the conquest of the Baltic, from what is Sweden today numerous innovations regarding wheat and... Of power was approached by the Italian architect Antonio Rinaldi who specialised in British. 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